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Life-Threatening Rickettsial Infections

Rickettsial Infections

The Rickettsiae are minute infectious agents, smaller than most germs and larger than most viruses. Most classifications put them midway between the bacteria and the viruses. Rickettsia are too large to pass through a bacterial filter and are visible with an ordinary microscope.

Like the viruses, they multiply only in the presence of living cells and many of them live inside living cells. They usually are transferred from animals to men by ticks, mites, fleas, or lice. Many of the rickettsial diseases of men have been identified as such only during the last fifty years. The word "Rickettsia" comes from the name of Howard Taylor Ricketts, a physician in Chicago who was one of the first to observe these organisms and determine their nature.

A form of typhus fever called "murine typhus" is an acute infectious disease caused by an organism of the rickettsia. The disease usually begins with a sudden fever that lasts two or three weeks; the rash is located mostly on the trunk. The disease was first described in the United States by James Paullin of Georgia in 1913. The chief mammalian carrier of murine typhus is the rat. The infection is transmitted from rat to rat by fleas. The rat louse will not feed on man but the flea will if given opportunity. The flea bite is not infectious but when the flea bites a man, the flea may deposit its excretions; then the human being scratches himself and thus may force these excretions of the flea into his skin.

About six to fourteen days after such infection has taken place, illness begins with a chill and muscular aching, headache, fever, loss of appetite, r and cough; with this comes a feeling of severe illness. A skin eruption helps make the diagnosis. This eruption is present in 90 per cent of white patients, but of course is difficult to see on patients with a colored skin. The lesions of the skin are not hemorrhagic. In many patients the spleen is enlarged. Usually after eight to ten days the symptoms lessen and diminish-the condition clearing up in about three weeks.

Fortunately, two of the new antibiotic drugs-aureomycin and chloromycetin-have been established as valuable in controlling the symptoms of this virus infection. Most of those with murine typhus need lots of fluids while they are ill; if they cannot drink water, it is put into the body in other ways. About one out of every one hundred people with the disease may be so severely sick as to die of it. The ones who die are usually the very old or sick people.

Research Report of Chinese Oxalic Acid Industry, 2009

Oxalic acid is an important basic organic raw material, mainly used to produce the pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics, borneol, pharmaceutical intermediate synthesis, the precipitant extracts in the rare earth metals, dye deoxidizer, tanning agents and cleansing agents of the metal equipments etc. with the application expansion of the oxalate in the pharmaceutical and pesticide synthesis, the demands for the oxalate were steadily increased over the previous years. At present, the demands volumes of the oxalate in the world are about 400 thousand tons. In 2008, the yields of the oxalic acid in China exceeded 200 thousand tons and the export volumes were around 50 thousand tons.

The traditional industrialization production methods of the oxalic acid mainly concluded sodium formate process, oxidation process, oxo process, glycol oxidation process, propylene oxidation process and carbon monoxide coupling process etc. At present, the manufacturing process of the oxalic acid is through the coal chemical route and the costs are low. The major mechanism lies in the later period, which hydrolyzes parts of the intermediate products dibutyl oxalate and generates oxalic acid and methanol. The methanol can be further used to produce nitrous acid methyl ester, which is used to produce dimethyl oxalate so as to achieve the goals of cyclic utilization. During the coupling process, when producing 1-ton glycol, 2-ton oxalic acid has been produced at the same time.

Oxalic acid is mainly used to produce the tetracycline, aureomycin and terramycin etc. in the pharmaceutical industry. The development of these pharmaceutical products largely depends on the export tendency. With the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry, it is predicted that the demands for the oxalic acid in Chinese pharmaceutical industry will be increased gradually.